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BIRDS » TENNESSEE'S BIRDS
Black-and-white Warbler

Black-and-white Warbler
Mniotilta varia

True to its name, the Black-and-white Warbler is black and white. This plumage, along with its distinctive habit of creeping along the trunks of trees and large branches like a nuthatch, makes it an easy species to identify. The Black-and-white Warbler has a large distribution nesting from central Canada to the east coast, and south through the eastern United States to eastern Texas. The winter range is very extensive stretching from Florida to northern South America. It is frequently seen during spring and fall migration throughout Tennessee, and is a fairly common summer resident in upland deciduous and mixed forests across the state. Black-and-white Warblers usually arrive by late March and depart by early October.

Description: Bold black-and-white striped plumage, including a white eyebrow line, a striped crown, two white wing-bars, and spotted undertail coverts. The male has a black throat and cheek, while the female has dull whitish cheeks, chin, and throat.
Length: 5.25"
Wingspan: 8.25"
Weight: 0.37 oz

Voice: The song is a series of high, thin wee-see notes, repeated 5 to 10 times.

Similar Species:

  • Blackpoll Warblers are also black-and-white, but never creep along tree trunks, and have a solid black cap, and white cheeks.

Habitat: Breeding habitat includes mature and second-growth deciduous and mixed forests. Migration habitat includes all types of forests and woodlands, including parks and gardens.

Diet: Caterpillars, a variety of insects, insect eggs, and spiders.

Nesting and reproduction: Black-and-white Warblers are among the first warblers to return to their territories in the spring, arriving in late March. Peak egg laying is in early May.

Clutch Size: Usually 4 or 5 eggs.

Incubation: Only the female incubates the eggs, which hatch after 10 to 12 days.

Fledging: Both adults feed the young. When the young leave the ground-level nest in 8 to 12 days they are unable to fly well, and use their wings to scurry across the ground.

Nest: The female usually builds the well-hidden nest on the ground near the base of a tree, rock, or fallen limb. It consists of an open cup made of dry leaves, grass, and bark, lined with finer materials, and concealed from above with dead leaves.

Status in Tennessee: The Black-and-white Warbler is a fairly common migrant across the state, and a more common summer resident in East, than Middle or West Tennessee. Birds usually arrive by late March and depart by early October. Populations are declining in the state.

Dynamic map of Black-and-white Warbler eBird observations in Tennessee

Fun Facts:

  • The Black-and-white Warbler has relatively short legs and an unusually long hind toe and claw to help it with its bark-foraging habits. The bill is longer and more curved than most warblers, allowing it to probe deep into bark crevices.
  • When danger approaches, females have been observed to perform a "rodent run" display, in which the bird assumes a hunched posture, and drags its tail as it attempts to distract the would-be predator away from the nest.
  • John James Audubon (1785-1851) labeled his painting of the Black-and-white Warbler, the Black-and-white Creeping-Warbler.
  • The oldest known wild Black-and-white Warbler was 11 years, 3 months old!

Obsolete English Names: black-and-white creeping warbler, black and white creeper, pied creeper, creeping warbler, striped warbler, whitepoll warbler, small-billed creeper.

Best places to see in Tennessee: Frozen Head State Natural Area, North Cumberlands WMA, Great Smoky Mountains NP.

For more information:

Sources:

Kricher, J. C. 1995. Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia). The Birds of North America, No. 158 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.

Nicholson, C. P. 1997. Atlas of Breeding Birds of Tennessee. Univ. of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.

Robinson J. C. 1990. An Annotated Checklist of the Birds of Tennessee. Univ. of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.

Sibley, D. A. 2000. The Sibley Guide to Birds. A. A. Knopf, New York, NY.


Consider using the online bird checklist program at eBird to help us understand bird populations and distributions in Tennessee. Click here to see how.


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